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| |
RISK OF GETTING CANCER
(Relative to Drinking Tap Water)
Over RR's
Water
|
Relative
Risk 1 |
Source/Daily
Human Exposure |
Carcinogen |
| 1.0 |
Tap Water - one liter |
Chloroform |
| 4.0 |
Well Water - one liter (worst well in Silicon Valley) |
Trichloroethylene |
Risks Created by Mother Nature
|
Relative
Risk |
Source/Daily
Human Exposure |
Carcinogen |
| 30.0 |
Peanut butter -- one sandwich |
Aflatoxin |
| 100.0 |
Mushroom - one, raw |
Hydrazines, etc. |
| 2,800.0 |
Beer -- 12 oz. |
Ethyl alcohol |
| 4,700.0 |
Wine -- one glass |
Ethyl alcohol |
| 0.3 |
Coffee -- one cup |
Hydrogen peroxide |
| 30.0 |
Comfrey herbal tea -- one cup |
Symphytine |
| 400.0 |
Bread -- two slices |
Formaldehyde |
| 2,700.0 |
Cola -- one |
Formaldehyde |
| 90.0 |
Shrimp -- 100 g. |
Formaldehyde |
| 9.0 |
Cooked bacon -- 100 g. |
Dimethylnitrosamine,
Diethylnitrosamine |
| 60.0 |
Cooked fish or squid,
broiled in a gas oven -- 54 g |
. Dimethylnitrosamine |
| 70.0 |
Brown mustard -- 5 g |
Allyl isothiocyanate |
| 100.0 |
Basil -- 1g of dried leaf |
Estragole |
| 20.0 |
All cooked food -- average
U. S. diet |
Heterocyclic amines |
| 200.0 |
Natural root beer -- 12 oz.
(now banned) |
Safrole |
Food Additives and Pesticides
|
| Relative Risks |
Source/Daily
Human ExposureRisk |
Carcinogen |
| 60.0 |
Diet Cola -- 12 oz |
. Saccharin |
| 0.4 |
Bread and grain products --
average U.S. diet |
Ethylene dibromide |
| 0.5 |
Other food with pesticides --
average U.S. diet |
PCBs, DDE/DDT |
Risks Around the Home
|
Relative
Risks |
Source/Daily
Human Exposure |
Carcinogen |
| 604.0 |
Breathing air in a conventional
home --
14 hours |
Formaldehyde, Benzene |
| 2,100.0 |
Breathing air in a mobile home --
14 hours |
Formaldehyde |
| 8.0 |
Swimming pool -- one hour
(for a child) |
Chloroform |
Risks At Work
|
Relative
Risks |
Source/Daily
Human Exposure |
Carcinogen |
| 5,800.0 |
Breathing air at work -- U. S.
average |
Formaldehyde |
Commonly Used Drugs
|
Relative
Risks |
Source/Daily
Human Exposure |
Carcinogen |
| 16,000.0 |
Sleeping pill (Phenobarbital) --
60 mg. |
Phenobarbital |
| 300.0 |
Pain Relief pill (Phenacetin) --
300 mg. |
Phenacetin |
Note: The items listed above are for illustrative purposes only, and
are not intended as a guide for safe behavior. Relative risk is based on
experiments subjecting rodents to very high dosages. The risk of these items to
humans, in the quantities given above, is thought to be trivial. Source:
Bruce N. Ames, Renae Magaw, Lois Swirsky Gold, "Ranking Possible Carcinogenic
Hazards," Science, Vol. 236, April 17, 1987, pp. 271-236.
1 The underlying measure of risk used here is a HERP value: Human Exposure
dose divided by Rodent Potency dose. The measure of rodent potency is the
milligrams of substance per kilogram of rodent body weight necessary to produce
cancer in one-half the rodents, given daily exposure over the rodents' lifetime.
Human exposure is measured by the daily consumption indicated in the table per
kilogram of human body weight. In the table above, the HERP values have been
normalized with respect to the HERP value for water. A value of 100,000 means
that the human exposure dose per kilogram of weight is exactly equal to the
amount of the substance per kilogram of weight necessary to produce cancer in
one-half of the rodents.
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