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Research project results for SHS

Many researchers have tried to proof a link between lung cancer, heart diseases and Second Hand Smoke (SHS). This page gives a graphical overview of the results of these research projects.  (see explanation)

• Lung cancer in nonsmoking females married to smokers
• Lung cancer: Nonsmoking U.S. females married to smokers
• Lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to SHS since childhood
• Lung cancer in nonsmokers exposed to SHS at work
• Heart disease in nonsmokers exposed to SHS
• Childhood exposure to SHS and Lung cancer
• Drug Library on SHS

Notes

• None of the studies indicated a significant risk!
• When more cases are involved in the study, less risk is found!

Graphs from: Forces archive

Explanation

The horizontal axis shows the increased risks found in the studies (in percentages). The RR is calculated by adding 100 to the increased risk followed by a division by 100. I.e. one of the highest increased risks found is 16.2. This gives RR=(100+16.2)/100=1.16.

Note: RR's below a value of 2 are not statistically significant (National Cancer Institute)

Confidence intervals

Each increased risk value has a confidence interval of 95%. (Only EPA tried to use 90% intervals to proof their point) This means that the actual value of the risk has a 95% certainty of falling between a lower and upper value around the mean value.

The confidence interval for each study is indicated by the red and blue bars in the graphs. Note that many of the predicted values could be negative as well, meaning a decreased risk because of SHS!

This sounds strange but isn't: there is a good chance that SHS activates the immune system and keeps it alert. Vaccination against diseases follows the same idea: by injecting very diluted and non-dangerous forms of a pathogen the immune system will be activated to develop anti bodies against it.